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This article collects related literatures which is about the Chinese medicine adjuvant treatment of bladder urothelial carcinoma, and sums up the etiology, pathogenesis and TCM auxiliary treatment methods of this disease. Through the analysis, it is believed that the pathogeny of the disease is mainly concentrated in the aspects of damp, heat, blood stasis and poison. The literature on the adjuvant treatment of bladder urothelial carcinoma mainly focuses on the treatment of syndrome differentiation, postoperative recovery, postoperative perfusion, adjuvant chemotherapy and palliative therapy. The progress of its research is summarized as follows.
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Objective To investigate the expression of serum vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) in patient with bladder transitional cell carcinoma (BTCC) and its relationship with clinicopathological parameters.Methods The clinical data of 68 patients with BTCC who underwent surgical treatment was retrospectively analyzed,the healthy subjects was considered as control group,the serum VEGF levels of patient with BTCC and healthy subjects were detected by ELISA and compared.Results The VEGF levels of bladder cancer group was (317.62 ±89.47) ng/L,and was significantly higher than that of the control group [(53.08 ± 17.40) ng/L] (t =16.017,P ＜0.01).The VEGF levels of invasive cancer group and pathological grading of high-level group were respectively higher than the superficial tumor group and pathological grading of low-level group,compared the difference was significant (t =8.191,6.230,all P ＜0.01).The VEGF level was not significantly difference between the different age groups,gender groups and tumor size groups(t =0.423,0.528,1.307,all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The serum VEGF levels are high expression in patients with BTCC,the VEGF levels are closely related to clinical stage and histological grade.The high expression of serum VEGF shows the invasion and progression of BTCC.
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Objective To assess the feasibility of nuclear matrix protein 22(NMP22)and urinary bladder cancer,antigen (UBC) for the early diagnosis of bladder transitional cell carcinoma and its influencing factors.Methotis 105 subjects,including 60 patients of bladder cancer,25 patients of urological benign disease and 20 normal (healthy)individuals were enrolled in this study.Urine NMP22 and UBC wag assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Urine NMP22 and UBC as well as exfoliocytology were conducted for the purpose to compare the sensitivity,specificity,positive and negative predictive value of these three ways.Results The sensitivity of NMP22(88.3%)and UBC(86.7%)were significantly better than exfolioeytology(40.0%,P<0.01).The specificity of NMP22,UBC and exfoliocytology were 80.0%,84.0%and 92.0%,respectively, the positive predictive values were 91.4%,92.9%and 92.3%,and the negative predictive values were 74.1%.72.4%and 38.9%.Conclusions NMP22 and UBC are sensitive,specific,simple,feasible and noninvasive diagnostic markers for the early detection of urinary bladder transitional cell cancer.
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Objective To investigate the expression of p27kip1, CyclinE, CyclinD1 in bladder transitional cell carcinoma (BTCC), and evaluate their relationship with turnout cell proliferation. Methods To study the expression of p27kip1, CyclinE and CyclinD1 protein in 41 cases of paraffin-embedded BTCC tissue and in 12 cases of cystitis tissues by immunohistochemical method SP. Results There was a negative relationship between p27kip1 expression and clinical stage and pathological grade.There was no relationship with lymph node metastasis (P>0.05). There was a positive relationship between CyclinE expression and clinical stage, pathological grade and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). There was no relationship between CyclinD1 expression and clinical stage, pathological grade and lymph node metastasis (P>0.05). Conclusion The results of this study showed that the abnormal expression of p27kip1, CyclinE, may play important roles in the genesis and progression of BTCC. CyclinD1 may take activation in the early term of BTCC.
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To investigate the relationship between the expression of RASSFIA protein and promoter hypermethylation of RASSFIA gene, RASSFIA protein expression was measured by Western blot- ting in 10 specimens of normal bladder tissues and 23 specimens of bladder transitional cell carci- noma (BTCC). The promoter methylation in BTCC and normal bladder tissues was detected by me- thylation-specific PCR (MSP). The results showed that the expression level of RASSFIA protein was significantly lower in BTCC tissues than that in normal bladder tissues. However, it was not corre- lated with its clinical stages and pathological grades. The frequency of promoter methylation of RASSF1A gene was higher in BTCC tissues than that in normal bladder tissues. In 14 patients with the aberrant promoter methylation, 13 showed loss or low expression of RASSF1A protein. It is con- cluded that RASSFIA gene promoter methylation may contribute to the low level or loss of RASSFIA protein expression, the inactivation of RASSFIA gene and the genesis of BTCC. But, it may bear no correlation with its clinical stages and pathological grades.
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Objective:To investigate the effect of transfection with wild hepaCAM gene on biological behavior of the transitional cell carcinoma of bladder in vitro.Methods:Human TCCB cell line T24 was transfected with pEGFP-N2-hepaCAM,mock plasmid pEGFP-N2 with lipofectamine.Laser confocal microscopy was used to detect the location of hepaCAM in cells.Western bolt was used to determine the expression of target of hepaCAM in stable cells.The cell adhesive and motility ability were tested by cell spreading assay and matrigel invasion assay.Cell proliferation ability was investigated by MTT assay。Results:In well spread cells,hepaCAM localized on the perinuclear membrane,whereas in the cells which contacts,hepaCAM predominantly accumulated at the sites of cell-cell contacts on cell membrane.Cell clone with stable expression of hepaCAM,was acquired.In vitro experiments as cell spreading assays and matrigel invasion assays showed the cell adhesion and cell motility properties of hepaCAM group were apparently enhanced compared with the non-transfection or mock-vehicle groups.The MTT assay showed cell proliferation ability in the hepaCAM group was notably decreased when compared with the non-transfection or mock-vehicle groups.Conclusion:The hepaCAM gene can restrain malignant phenotypes of the human TCCB cells in vitro,and may inhibit the TCCB invasion and metastasis by influencing the function of some adherence and proliferation factors.[
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Objective To study the correlation between the expression of integrin a5,?1 subunit in Bladder Transitional Cell Carcinoma and its clinicopathological data including tumour grade and clinical stage(T_1 6 cases,T_2 8cases,T_3 6 cases;G_1 7cases,G_2 6cases,G_3 7cases). Methods Expression of integrin a5,?1 subunit were examined in 20 cases of Bladder Transitional Cell Carcinoma and 20 cases of normal bladder tissues by immunohistochemical technique. Results Expression of integrin a5,?1 subunit in Bladder Transitional Cell Carcinoma was lower than that in normal bladder tissues(P
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Objective To determine the expression of hepatocyte growth factor and its receptor c-met in bladder transitional cell carcinoma, and to investigate correlations of the expression and clinic features of the tumor. Methods Samples of 45 human bladder carcinoma and 8 normal bladder tissues were detected with immunohistochemical method for HGF and c-met ,then relationships between the expressions and clinic features of the tumor were analyzed. Results There was no HGF expression and only 1 weak positive c-met expression in the normal urinary bladder tissues. While in bladde cancer specimens, positive expression rates of HGF and c-met were as high as 64.4%,62.2%, respectively.Coexpression rate of HGF and c-met was 42.2%. The positive rates were significantly higher in BTCC specimens than in normal tissues (P
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Objective To study the expressions and correlation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in human transitional cell carcinoma of bladder (TCC) tissues and explore the correlation of their expressions in the incidence and development of TCC. MethodsThe expressions of COX-2 and EGFR were detected by immunohistochemical technique in 48 cases of TCC and in 10 cases of normal bladder mucosa tissues. ResultsThe expressions of COX-2 and EGFR in TCC was significantly higher than those in normal bladder mucosa tissues (P
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Objective To explore the expression of heparanase(HPA)and its correlation with the clinical pathological features and angiogenesis in bladder transitional cell carcinoma.Methods HPA mRNA level was detected with RT-PCR and its protein level was determined by immunohistochemical staining in 68 cases of bladder cancer and 24 cases of adjacent tissues of bladder cancer.Results The positive rate of HPA mRNA was 60.3%(41/68)in bladder cancer,4.2%(1/24)in the adjacent tissues of bladder cancer.The expression of HPA mRNA had statistically significant correlation with pathological stage,clinical staging and lymphonode metastasis(P
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Objectives: To evaluate the clinical significance of nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP 22) in the detection of bladder transitional cell carcinoma (BTCC) and compare with voided urine cytology(VUC). Methods: A total of 69 cases with voided urine samples for NMP 22 and VUC test were included in this study. Thirty of them were BTCC patients(BTCC group) and twenty nine suffered from other urological diseases (nonbladder cancer group, NBC group). Ten were healthy volunteers (control group). Results: The NMP 22 values for BTCC group (67.3 U/ml) were significantly higher than that of NBC group(7.4 U/ml) and control group (4.3 U/ml)( P 0.05). NMP 22 was more sensitive than VUC in low grade BTCC(Ⅰ,Ⅱ)(62.50% vs 12.50%,P 0.05). Conclusions:Urinary NMP 22 is a useful marker for the early diagnosis of BTCC. It is more sensitive than VUC in low stage and grade BTCC.
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Background and purpose:Fatty acid synthase(FAS)is a new tumor marker,the high expression of which has been reported to be associated with poor prognosis of cancer patients.This study investigated the expression of FAS in transitional cell carcinoma(TCC) of bladder and its clinical significance.Methods:The expressions of FAS were detected by streptavidin-peroxidase immunohistochemical method in the paraffin embedded sections of 65 TCC patients and the clinical data had been reviewed.15 normal bladder tissues were used as control group.Results:The positive rate of the expression of FAS in TCC was 58.5%(38/65),while only 2 of 15 cases in control group expressed FAS protein.The difference was statistically significant,the expression of FAS was related to the histological grades and recurrence but not different pathological stages.Survival analysis revealed that the 5-yr survival rate was lower in FAS positive patients than in negative patients(18% vs.44%,P
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Objective To investigate the expression of cell cycle regulating protein cyclin E and p27 kip1 in bladder transitional cell carcinoma (BTCC) and to evaluate its relation with the expression of Ki-67.Methods With immunohistochemistry assay , the expressions of cyclin E , p27 kip1 and Ki-67 were examined in 65 cases of BTCC and 12 cases of normal bladder tissue as controls.Results There was a positive correlation between cyclin E expression and the pathological grade(P
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Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), a pleiotropic growth factor, is a potent inhibitor of cellular proliferation in cells of epithelial origin. Recently, it has been suggested that a loss of sensitivity to TGF-beta through a loss of expression of TGF-beta receptors T beta R-I and T beta R-II--is associated with tumor initiation and progression. Therefore, to investigate the relationship between TGF-beta receptors expression and carcinogenesis of bladder TCC, this study examined the expression of T beta R-I and T beta R-II in 46 bladder TCC patients using immunohistochemistry. Since histopathological grade is a widely accepted marker of prognosis, the results were compared in relation to the three grades of bladder TCC. The results demonstrated that the loss of TGF-beta receptors expression is associated with increasing histopathological grades of bladder TCC. Specifically, both T beta R-I and T beta R-II were readily detected in all 10 normal bladder mucosa specimens. Likewise, all 6 specimens of grade I TCC samples expressed high levels of both TGF-beta receptors. However, among grade II TCC samples, T beta R-I and T beta R-II were detected in 78% and 89%, respectively: among grade III TCC samples, T beta R-I and T beta R-II were detected in 45% and 41%, respectively. These results suggested that loss of sensitivity to TGF-beta may play a role in the progression of TCC from low to high grade disease.
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Adult , Aged , Humans , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/metabolism , Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/pathology , Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/metabolism , Middle Aged , Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism , Reference ValuesABSTRACT
Telomeres are the specialized structures at the end of all eukaryotic chromosomes that are thought to give important functions in protecting genomic DNA from degradation and deleterious recombination events. The enzyme telomerase maintains a constant telomere length observed in immortalized cells, allowing unlimited cell proliferation. Various cancer cells express telomerase activity. We analyzed telomerase activity in bladder tumors and normal tissues. Bladder tumor tissues and normal mucosa of 25 patients were obtained during transurethral resection of bladder (TURB) or after radical cystectomy. Telomerase activity was analyzed using telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay which is based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Twenty-three of 25 bladder tumor tissue were transitional cell carcinomas and remains were urothelial hyperplasia and inverted papilloma, respectively. We observed telomerase activity in 22 of 23 bladder cancer tissues (95.7%); only one did not express telomerase activity. Telomerase activity was not detected in all normal tissues except one, which was obtained from a patient with carcinoma in situ. Urothelial hyperplasia and inverted papilloma did not express telomerase activity. Our data demonstrates that the majority of human bladder cancers obtained from patients with transitional cell carcinoma expressed telomerase activity whereas urothelial hyperplasia and inverted papilloma did not. It indicates that telomerase activity may be a important role in carcinogenesis.
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Humans , Carcinogenesis , Carcinoma in Situ , Carcinoma, Transitional Cell , Cell Proliferation , Cystectomy , DNA , Hyperplasia , Mucous Membrane , Papilloma, Inverted , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Recombination, Genetic , Telomerase , Telomere , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms , Urinary BladderABSTRACT
The enzyme telomerase maintains a constant telomere length in immortalized cells, allowing unlimited cell proliferation. Almost all cancer cells express telomerase activity. However, little data is available regarding the role of telomerase activity in the detection of bladder cancer with a bladder wash specimen. We detected telomerase activity in a bladder wash specimen of bladder cancer and normal tissues, and compared them with final pathologic diagnosis. Twenty-three patients with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder were enrolled in our study. A bladder wash specimen was obtained before transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) and normal and cancer tissues from the same patients during TURB. Telomerase activity was analyzed in each specimen a using telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Cytologic diagnosis was performed using Papanicolaou's stain with cytocentrifuged cytology preparation. We observed telomerase activity in 95.7% (22/23) of bath cancer tissues and bladder wash specimens; only one case did not express telomerase activity. Telomerase activity was undetected in all normal tissues except one, which was obtained from a patient with carcinoma in situ. A total of 69.6% (16/23) of wash specimens were positive in cytopathologic diagnosis. The accuracy of cytopathologic diagnosis in pathologic grade 2 or 3 was relatively high (83.3%, 15/18). However, in five cases of grade 1 TCC only 20% (1/5) of cytologic diagnosis was positive whereas the telomerase activity of wash specimens was detected in 80% (4/5). Our data demonstrates that not only the majority of human bladder cancer tissues, but also the bladder wash specimens obtained from patients with TCC, expressed telomerase activity. It indicates that telomerase activity may be a reliable marker in detecting bladder cancer especially in cases with a low grade that bladder wash cytology can miss.
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Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/enzymology , Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/metabolism , Therapeutic Irrigation , Middle Aged , Telomerase/metabolism , Biomarkers, TumorABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the expression of double minutes (DM) in bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) and its significance. Methods 15 control individuals and 14 patients were examined. Whole blood samples from these patients were cultured before and 10-15 days after operations. The relationship between expression of DM and clinic-pathologic factors and prognosis was ana- lyzed by chi-square test. Results There is no DM in control individuals, but there are respectively 35 pairs and 31 pairs DM in preop- erative and optoperative patients with TCC (P 0. 05). Conclusions DM may be an independent prognosis indication of cancer gene amplication. DM always show treatment failure and rapid recurrence.